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COVID-19 ÀÓ»ó¿ªÇÐÀû Ư¼º : Áõ»ó, Áø´Ü, Ä¡·áÁ¦ ÇöȲ

 

1. COVID-19 ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º Ư¡

1-1. Coronaviruses : positive sense, single strand RNA virus

SARS-CoV-2°¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â coronavirus°ú¿¡´Â 4°³ÀÇ ¼Ó(genus)ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ Áß ¾ËÆÄ¿Í º£Å¸ ¼ÓÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ´Â Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º(coronavirus)°¡ »ç¶÷°ú µ¿¹°¿¡ °¨¿°À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ®ÀÖ´Ù.

 

1) ¾ËÆÄ Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º±º(Alpha-coronaviruses)

- Human coronavirus 229E

- Human coronavirus OC43

- Human coronavirus NL63

- Human coronavirus HKU

 

2) º£Å¸Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º±º(Beta-coronaviruses)

- SARS-coronavirus

- MERS-coronavirus

- SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)

 

»ç¶÷ Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º Áß 229E, OC43, NL63 ¹× HKUÇüÀº ´ëºÎºÐ °æÇÑ »ó±âµµ °¨¿°À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â °èÀýÇü È£Èí±â ¹ÙÀÌ ·¯½ºÀ̸ç, º£Å¸-Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ÁßÁõ ±Þ¼º È£Èí ±âÁõÈıº Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º(SARS-coronavirus)³ª Áßµ¿È£Èí±â ÁõÈıº Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º(MERS-coronavirus)´Â ÁßÁõ Æó·ÅÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù.

 

½ÅÁ¾Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º SARS-CoV-2´Â º£Å¸-Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡ ¼ÓÇϸç, ¹ÚÁãÀÇ »ç½º À¯»ç Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º(bat SARS-like coronavirus)¿Í 86.9% ÀÇ À¯ÀüÀû »óµ¿¼ºÀ» °®´Â µ¿¹° À¯·¡ÀÇ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½ºÀÌ´Ù. ÁßÁõ ±Þ¼º È£Èí±âÁõÈıº Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º(SARS-coronavirus )³ª Áßµ¿È£Èí±âÁõÈıº Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º(MERS-coronavirus)´Â ¹ÚÁã¿¡¼­ ±â¿øÇÑ Àμö°ø Åë°¨¿°º´(zoonosis)À¸·Î »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀüÆĵDZâ Àü Áß°£ ¼÷ÁÖ´Â °¢°¢ »çÇâ°í¾çÀÌ(civet)¿Í ´ÜºÀ³«Å¸(dromedary camel)·Î ÃßÁ¤ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

2. ÀüÆÄ°æ·Î (Transmission route )

-How are people being infected with COVID-19?

¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö »õ·Î¿î Äڷγª ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀüÆĵǴÂÁö ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸ÅÀÏ ¾÷µ¥ÀÌÆ®µÈ »óȲÀÌ º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

2-1. Respiratory transmission

• Droplets of the infected person 

- Direct droplet transmission 

- Indirect transmission (fomites)

 

SARS-CoV-2´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ È£Èí±â ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿Í À¯»çÇÏ°Ô ÁÖ·Î °¨¿°µÈ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ºñ¸»(droplets)¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á÷Á¢ ÀüÆÄ (direct transmission)³ª ¿À¿°µÈ ȯ°æÀÇ ¸Å°³¹°(fomites)°ú Á¢ÃË À» ÅëÇØ °£Á¢ ÀüÆÄ(indirect transmission)µÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. Áß±¹Áúº´°ü¸®º»ºÎÀÇ Á¶»ç¿¡¼­ COVID-19 ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º ¹èÃâÀº »ó±âµµ¿¡¼­ Áõ»ó ¹ß»ý Àü 1-2ÀÏ ÀüºÎÅÍ È®ÀεǴ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º ¹èÃâÀº ÁßµîÁõ ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â 7-12ÀϱîÁö Áö¼ÓµÇ¸ç ÁßÁõ ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â ÃÖ´ë 14ÀϱîÁö·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. 

 

2-2. Aerosol transmission



 

New evidence that aerosols may drive COVID-19 transmission beyond the context of healthcare settings.(N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1564-1567 ( [April 16, 2020)

 

 

COVID-19´Â °ø±â¸¦ ÅëÇÑ ÀüÆĵµ °¡´ÉÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ´Â ¿¡¾î·ÎÁ¹ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â º¸°ÇÀÇ·á ȯ°æÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ È¯°æ¿¡¼­µµ °¡´ÉÇÔÀ» NEJM¿¡¼­ ÃÖ±Ù ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. °¨¿°µÈ ȯÀڷκÎÅÍ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º ¹èÃâÀº Áõ»ó ¹ß»ý Á÷ÈÄ°¡ °¡Àå ³ôÀº °ÍÀ¸ ·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â SARS-CoV-2 °¨¿° ÈÄ Ãʱâ Áõ»óÀÌ ¸Å¿ì °¡º­¿î »óÅÂÀ̰ųª ¸í¹éÇÑ Áõ»ó(overt symptoms)ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â À¯Áõ»ó±â Á÷ÀüÀÇ ¹«Áõ»ó±â¿¡¼­ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º ¹èÃâ°ú ÀüÆÄ°¡ ½ÃÀÛµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.


 

2-3. ±âŸÀüÆÄ°æ·Î(Other Transmission routes)

1) Fecal to oral transmission? 

- Yeo C et al. Enteric involvement of coronaviruses: is faecal–oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 possible? The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2020. 

- JingCheng Zhang SW et al. Fecal specimen diagnosis 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. Journal of Medical Virology. 

2) Infection through urine? 

- Guan, W.-j., et al., Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine, 2020. 

- Peng, L., et al., 2019 Novel Coronavirus can be detected in urine, blood, anal swabs and oropharyngeal swabs samples. medRxiv, 2020. 

3) Infectious virus in saliva (+) 

- To KK-W et al.Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020.


 

3. COVID-19 ÀÓ»ó¾ç»ó, Áø´Ü ¹× °æ°ú

3-1. Àẹ±â :  Incubation period 5-6 days ( >14 days 0.01%) 

Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º°¨¿°º´-19ÀÇ Áõ»óÀº ¸Å¿ì ºñƯÀÌÀûÀ̸ç, ¹«Áõ»ó¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ÁßÁõ Æó·Å ¹× »ç¸Á¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀÓ»ó °æ°ú¸¦ º¸ÀδÙ. Áß±¹¿¡¼­ COVID-19ÀÇ CFRÀº 5.6%ÀÌ´Ù. È®ÁøÀÚ 82,804¸í°ú »ç¸ÁÀÚ 4,632¸íÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù(4¿ù 23ÀÏÀÚ). »ç¸ÁÇÑ È¯ÀÚ´Â ¸ðµÎ ½É°¢ »ç·Ê±îÁö ÁøÇàÇÑ È¯ÀÚ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÁßÁõ»ç·Ê±îÁö ÁøÇàÇÑ È¯ÀÚ Áß »ç¸Á·üÀº Ãʱâ 49.9%±îÁö ´ÞÇß´Ù. SARS-CoV-2 °¨¿°µÈ ȯÀÚ´Â ¾à 5-6ÀÏ°¡ ·®ÀÇ Æò±Õ Àẹ±â ÈÄ ¹ß¿­°ú ÇÔ²² »ó±âµµ °¨¿° Áõ»óÀÌ ¹ß»ý ÇÑ´Ù. ÃÖ´ë Àẹ±â´Â 14ÀÏÀ̸ç, 14ÀÏ ÀÌÈÄ  COVID-19·Î Áø´ÜµÉ °¡´É¼ºÀº ¾à 0.01%ÀÌ´Ù. ȯÀÚÀÇ ¾à 80%´Â °æÁõÀÇ »ó±âµµ °¨¿°À̳ª ÁßµîÁõ ÀÌÇÏÀÇ Æó·ÅÀ» ¾Î°í ȸº¹µÈ´Ù. È£Èí°ï¶õÀ̳ª Àú»ê¼ÒÁõ ȤÀº ¿µ»ó °Ë»ç¿¡¼­ ¾ç ÆóÇÏÀÇ 50% ÀÌ»óÀÇ Ä§¹üÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ÁßÁõ »ç·Ê(severe case)´Â 14% Á¤µµ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇϸç È£ÈíºÎÀü, ¼îÅ©, ´Ù¹ß¼º Àå±â ¼Õ»ó°ú °°Àº ½É°¢ »ç·Ê(critical case)´Â 5%¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. 

 

Áß±¹¿¡¼­ COVID-19 »ç¸Á·üÀº À¯Çà°æ°ú¿¡ µû¶ó º¯È­ÇÏ¿©,  2020³â 1¿ù Áß¼ø±îÁö COVID-19 »ç¸Á·üÀº 17.3%¿´À¸³ª ÀÌÈķδ 2¿ù ÃʱîÁö »ç¸Á ·üÀº 0.7%·Î °¨¼ÒÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ´Â Áß±¹¿¡¼­ COVID-19 À¯Çà Ãʱâ Áõ»ó ¹ß»ý ÈÄ Áø´Ü±îÁö Æò±Õ 12-15ÀÏÀÌ °É·ÈÀ¸³ª ÀÌÈÄ 3-5ÀϱîÁö °¨¼ÒÇÑ °Í°ú ¿¬°üµÈ´Ù. »ç¸Á·üÀÇ °¨¼Ò´Â COVID-19 À¯Çà¿¡ ÀÖ¾î Á¶±â Áø´Ü, °Ý¸® ¹× Ä¡·á°¡ »ç¸Á·ü °¨¼Ò¿Í °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½À» ½Ã»çÇÑ´Ù.

 

3-2. SARS-CoV-2 °¨¿° Áõ»ó ¹× ¹«Áõ»ó°¨¿°

SARS-CoV-2 °¨¿°µÈ ȯÀÚÀÇ Ãʱâ Áõ»ó ¹× ¡ÈÄ´Â ¹ß¿­(87.9%)°ú ÇÔ²² ¸¶¸¥ ±âħ (67.7%), °´´ã(33.4%), È£Èí°ï¶õ(18.6%), ÀÎÈÄÅë(13.9%)°ú °° Àº È£Èí±â Áõ»óÀ̾ú´Ù. ÇǷΰ¨(38.1%), µÎÅë(13.6%), ±ÙÀ° Åë°ú °üÀýÅë(14.8%), ¿ÀÇÑ(11.4%), ¿À½É ¹× ±¸Åä(5.0%), ¼³»ç (3.7%)¿Í °°Àº È£Èí±â ¿Ü Áõ»óÀ» È£¼ÒÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÁßÁõ ȯÀÚ´Â Ãʱ⠰æÇÑ ÀÓ»ó Áõ»óÀ» º¸ÀÌ´Ù Áõ»ó ¹ß»ý ÈÄ 7-9ÀÏ° ¾ÇÈ­ °æ°ú¸¦ º¸ÀδÙ. 

°¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ÇÕº´ÁõÀº ±Þ¼º È£Èí°ï¶õÁõÈıº(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)ÀÌ¸ç ½ÉºÎÀü ¹× ºÎÁ¤¸Æ, ±Þ¼º ½ÅºÎÀü, ¼îÅ©°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.  ¹«Áõ»ó °¨¿°Àº Áý´Ü ¹ß»ýÀÇ È¯°æ ¹× ¿ªÇÐ Á¶»çÀÇ ¹üÀ§¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¤µµ·Î È®ÀεȴÙ. ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÇ °æ¿ì ÄÚ ·Î³ª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º°¨¿°º´-19 È®ÁøÀÚ Áß ¹«Áõ»ó±â¿¡ Áø´ÜµÇ´Â °æ ¿ì°¡ 44%À̸ç, ÀϺ»¿¡¼­´Â È®ÁøÀÚÀÇ 0.06%°¡ ¹«Áõ»ó±â¿¡ Áø´ÜµÈ´Ù. Áß±¹¿¡¼­´Â Ãʱâ Áø´Ü½Ã ¹«Áõ»ó °¨¿°À̾ú´ø ȯÀÚÀÇ 75%´Â À¯Áõ»óÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàÇϸç, ¹«Áõ»ó °¨¿°ÀÌ Áö¼ÓµÇ´Â °æ¿ì´Â 1-3%·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. 

 

4. SARS-CoV-2 Áø´Ü : PCR-based (real-time reverse transcription PCR)

±¹³»¿¡¼­´Â WHOÀÇ ÁöħÀ» ±âÁØÀ¸·Î À¯ÀüÀÚ °Ë»ç ±âÁØÀÌ ¸¶·ÃµÇ¾îÀÖ. WHO¿¡¼­´Â E À¯ÀüÀÚ PCRÀ» ¼±º° °Ë»ç·Î È®ÀÎÇÏ°í orf1b À¯ÀüÀÚÀÇ RdRp À¯ÀüÀÚ PCRÀ» È®Áø °Ë»ç·Î ½ÃÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀϺΠÁ¦Á¶È¸»çÀÇ ½Ã¾àÀº 1°³ÀÇ À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ ¼±º°¿ëÀ¸·Î ³ª¸ÓÁö 2°³¸¦ È®Áø¿ëÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇϸç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì È®Áø¿ë À¯ ÀüÀÚ°¡ ¸ðµÎ ¾ç¼ºÀÎ °æ¿ì ¾ç¼ºÀ¸·Î Áø´ÜÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.  ³ª¶óº°·Î Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º°¨¿°º´-19 Áø´ÜÀ» À§ÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ º¸´Ù È®°íÇÑ ÇмúÀû ±Ù°Å°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. 

 

Ç¥ 1.  Target genes of SARS-CoV-2 for Diagnostics by countries

³ª¶óº° 

Target gene 

South Korea 

RdRp, E, (N) 

China  

ORF1ab and N

Germany  

RdRp, E, N

Hong Kong 

ORF1b-nsp14, N 

Japan  

pancorona and multiple targets, Spike

Thailand 

U.S. 

three targets in N gene 

France 

two targets in RdRp

source: Korean J Med. 2020;95(2):67, JYHeo,  Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Early Stage of Outbreak


 

5. SARS-CoV-2 Ä¡·áÁ¦ ÇöȲ(Treatments)

ÇöÀç±îÁö È®½ÇÇÑ COVID-19 ȯÀÚ Ä¡·á¹ýÀº ¹àÇôÁöÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÁöÁöÀûÀÎ Ä¡·á ¿Ü¿¡ È®¸³µÈ Ç×¹ÙÀÌ·¯½ºÁ¦´Â ¾ø´Ù. °ú°Å ÁßÁõ ±Þ¼º È£Èí±â ÁõÈıº Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿Í Áßµ¿È£Èí±âÁõÈıº Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯ ½º À¯Çà ½Ã º¸°íµÈ Ç×¹ÙÀÌ·¯½ºÁ¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä¡·á È¿°ú¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁ À¸·Î Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ¸·Î Ç×¹ÙÀÌ·¯½ºÁ¦°¡ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. 

 

5-1. Lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra® ): ´Ü¹éºÐÇØÈ¿¼Ò ¾ïÁ¦Á¦·Î ÁÖ·Î HIV ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ´ø ¾àÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù. °ú°Å ÁßÁõ ±Þ¼º È£Èí±âÁõ Èıº Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ »ç¸Á·ü ¹× ±â °ü »ð°üÀ²À» ³·Ãß´Â È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù

5-2. Hydroxychloroquine/ Chloroquine: Ç׸»¶ó¸® ¾ÆÁ¦·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´ø ¾à¹°·Î ¼¼Æ÷ ½ÇÇè¿¡¼­ SARS-CoV-2¸¦ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquineÀº ¸· À¶ÇÕ(membrane fusion)°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ¼¼Æ÷ ³» ±â°üÀÎ ¿£µµÁ» ¹× ¶óÀ̼ÒÁ»(endosome/lysosome)ÀÇ »ê¼ºµµ¸¦ º¯È­½ÃÅ°¸ç ACE2 ¼ö¿ëü¿Í ±ØÆÄ ´Ü¹éÁú(spike protein)ÀÇ ´çÈ­(glycosylation)¸¦ º¯È­½ÃÄÑ SARS-CoV-2ÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷ °¨¿°À» ¸·´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ÇöÀç Áß±¹¿¡¼­´Â SARS-CoV-2¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Æó·Å ȯÀÚÀÇ Ä¡·á¿¡ chloroquine/hydroxychloroquineÀ» »ç¿ëÇϵµ·Ï ±Ç°íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. 

5-3. Remdesivir: ¿¡º¼¶ó ÃâÇ÷¿­ À¯Çà ½Ã ÀÓ»ó½ÃÇè¿ë Ä¡·áÁ¦·Î °³¹ßµÈ ¾àÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ ¿©·¯ ½ÇÇè¿¡¼­ ´Ü ÀÏ °¡´Ú RNA ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ¶ó»ç¿­ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º, È£Èí±â ¼¼Æ÷À¶ÇÕ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º, Äڷγª¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡ Ç×¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º È¿°ú¸¦ º¸ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. Remdesivir´Â RNA Àü»ç¸¦ Á¶±â¿¡ Á¾°á½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½ºÀÇ Áõ½ÄÀ» ¾ïÁ¦½ÃÅ°¸ç ¼¼Æ÷½ÇÇè¿¡¼­µµ SARS-CoV-2¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È°¼ºÀ» º¸ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÈ´Ù.

5-4. Favipiravir (Avigan® ): Favipiravir´Â ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º ¹èÃâ±â°£ °¨¼Ò ¹× ÈäºÎ¿µ»óÀÇ È£ÀüÀÌ lopinavir/ritonavirº¸´Ù ¿ì¿ùÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ °íµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª, µ¿¹°½ÇÇè¿¡¼­ ±âÇü¹ß»ýÀÌ º¸°íµÇ¾î ÀϺ»¿¡¼­´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Ç×¹ÙÀÌ·¯½ºÁ¦¿¡ È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø´Â ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä¡·áÁ¦·Î¼­ ÀÀ±Þ »óȲ¿¡¼­¸¸ »ç¿ë°¡´ÉÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î Çã°¡¹ÞÀº ¾à¹°ÀÌ´Ù.´Ù·®ÀÇ RNA ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È°¼ºÀ» °®´Â ¾à¹°·Î RNA ÀÇÁ¸ RNA ÁßÇÕÈ¿¼Ò¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¿ë±âÀüÀ» °®´Â´Ù. 





 

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References

Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 in Korea [Internet]. Seoul (KR): Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine, c2020 

 

Neeltje van Doremalen, Dylan H. Morris, M.Phil. et.al., Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1564-1567

 

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020;382:727-733

 

Heo, JY. Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Early Stage of Outbreak.  Korean J Med. 2020;95(2):67.

 

World Health Organization. WHO director-general's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 [Internet]. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization, c2020

 

Korean Society of Infectious Diseases; Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases; Korean Society of Epidemiology; Korean Society for Antimicrobial Therapy; Korean Society for Healthcare-associated Infection Control and Prevention; Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Report on the epidemiological features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in the Republic of Korea from January 19 to March 2, 2020. J Korean Med Sci 2020;35:e112. 

 

Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, et al. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Annals Intern Med 2020 Mar 10 [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-0504. 

 

Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2020 Jan 29 [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMoa2001316.

 

Korea Centers for Diseases Control & Prevention. Infectious disease alert level [Internet]. Cheongju (KR): Korea Centers for Diseases Control & Prevention, c2020 

 

Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Current COVID-19 outbreak situation [Internet]. Cheongju (KR): Korea Centers for Diseases Control & Prevention, c2020

 

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid risk assessment: novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: increased transmission in the EU/EEA and the UK – sixth update [Internet]. Stockholm (SE): European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, c2020

 

World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans [Internet]. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization, c2020

 

 

 

 

 


2020-04-24 ¿ÀÈÄ 1:07:03, Á¶È¸¼ö : 8823